¿Estudiantes o consumidores? Prácticas de comensalidad en escuelas primarias de Mendoza, Argentina / Students or consumers? Commensality practices in elementary schools in Mendoza, Argentina / Estudantes ou consumidores? Práticas de comensalidade em escolas de ensino fundamental em Mendoza, Argentina

Resumen Objetivos: caracterizar los consumos y las interacciones sociales durante las comidas en las que participan niños que concurren a comedores escolares en Gran Mendoza, Argentina, e identificar de qué manera los modelos de gestión alimentaria pública y privada alientan prácticas de comensalidad saludables. Metodología: estudio exploratorio, cualitativo. Se aplicaron técnicas de observación no participante en una muestra intencional de tres comedores a los que asisten niños de diferente nivel socioeconómico y entrevistas semiestructuradas a 12 informantes, entre 2017 y 2018. Resultados: las condiciones materiales para cocinar, distribuir y consumir alimentos son deficientes en los comedores de las escuelas públicas, pero, a semejanza de la escuela privada, cuyo servicio provee una empresa, procuran proveer alimentos de calidad nutricional. El gusto de los niños, con independencia de su nivel socioeconómico, muestra un repertorio limitado, que privilegia los platos basados en harina, arroz y carne vacuna. Los responsables de preparar y servir los alimentos en los centros públicos ejercen un papel clave en la incorporación de alimentos no habituales, como ciertas verduras. En el comedor privado los docentes monitores se limitan a cuidar la disciplina en el momento de las comidas. Conclusión: aunque compite con otras prioridades del gobierno escolar, el comedor en las escuelas públicas tiene más potencialidades para promover elecciones alimentarias saludables que el comedor del establecimiento privado, que, si bien dispone de mejores condiciones materiales para acompañar a los comensales y ofrecerles productos de calidad nutricional, está sujeto a una lógica mercantil.

Abstract Objective: To characterize the consumption and social interactions during meals in which children who attend school cafeterias participate in Gran Mendoza, Argentina, and to identify how public and private food management models encourage healthy eating practices. Methodology: Exploratory, qualitative study. Non-participant observation techniques were applied in an intentional sample of three cafeterias attended by children of different socioeconomic status and semi-structured interviews with 12 informants were carried out between 2017 and 2018. Results: The material for cooking, distributing and consuming food are deficient in the cafeterias of public schools unlike in private schools where the service is provided by a company, they try to provide food of nutritional value. The preferences of children, regardless their socioeconomic level, show a limited repertoire which favor dishes based on flour, rice, and beef. Those responsible for preparing and serving food in public cafeterias play a key role in the incorporation of unusual foods such as certain vegetables. In private cafeterias teacher monitors limit themselves to control the discipline during meals. Conclusion: Although this issue competes with other priorities of the school, cafeterias in public schools have a higher potential to promote healthy food choices than private school cafeterias since, in spite of having better material conditions to accompany the children and to offer them products of nutritional quality, they are subject to a commercial logic.

Resumo Objetivos: caracterizar o consumo e as interações sociais durante as refeições de crianças que frequentam cantinas escolares em Mendoza, Argentina, e identificar como os modelos de gestão alimentar públicos e privados estimulam práticas alimentares saudáveis. Metodologia: estudo exploratório, qualitativo. Foram aplicadas técnicas de observação não participante em uma amostra intencional de três refeitórios frequentados por crianças de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos; além de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 12 informantes entre 2017 e 2018. Resultados: as condições materiais para cozinhar, distribuir e consumir alimentos são deficientes nas cantinas de escolas públicas, mas, assim como nas escolas privadas - cujo serviço é terceirizado - procuram fornecer alimentos de qualidade nutricional. O gosto das crianças, independentemente do nível socioeconômico, apresenta um repertório limitado, que privilegia pratos à base de farinha, arroz e carne bovina. Os responsáveis por preparar e servir os alimentos em centros públicos desempenham um papel fundamental na incorporação de alimentos não habituais, como os vegetais. No refeitório privado, os professores monitores limitam-se a cuidar da disciplina dos estudantes na hora das refeições. Conclusão: embora concorra com outras prioridades do governo escolar, o refeitório da escola pública tem mais potencial para promover escolhas alimentares saudáveis do que o refeitório no estabelecimento privado, que, embora tenha melhores condições materiais para acompanhar os comensais e oferecer-lhes produtos de qualidade nutricional, obedece a uma lógica mercantil.

[Association of dietary patterns and food allergy in infants during the first year of life]. / Asociación entre los patrones alimentarios durante el primer año de vida y alergia alimentaria en lactantes

INTRODUCTION: There is controversy about the effect of dietary patterns during the first year of life and the occurrence of food allergy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between family history of allergy, allergic manifestations and dietary patterns during the first year of life in infants with and without food allergy. POPULATION AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study in children under 2 years of age (n= 99), sorted in two groups: allergic group (n= 50) and control group (n= 49), matched by socioeconomic status, age and gender. Food allergy was deifned by internationally approved clinical criteria, prick and patch tests, and response to diet. Information on diet, clinical data and history of allergy in the parents were collected. The sample size was estimated for logistic regression (Freeman), and Student X² and Mann-Withney tests were used. The study and consent forms were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, INTA) and the Universidad de Chile. RESULTS: The allergic group showed a significantly higher prevalence (p <0.0001) of family history of allergy (84%) than the control group (16%). Diarrhea was the symptom most frequently reported by the mothers of allergic infants during the first year of life. Bottle feeding was introduced earlier in the allergic group than in the control group (3 versus 6 months [p < 0.03]); no differences regarding the start age for supplementary feeding was found. When performing logistic regression, only the family history of allergy was associated with a higher risk of food allergy (OR: 48.2; CI= 14.2-164; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The early introduction of milk formula could promote the occurrence of food allergy in infants frequently presenting family history of allergy.

Asociación entre los patrones alimentarios durante el primer año de vida y alergia alimentaria en lactantes / Association of dietary patterns and food allergy in infants during the first year of life

Introducción. Existe controversia acerca del efecto del patrón alimentario durante el primer año de vida y el desarrollo de alergia alimentaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre antecedentes familiares de alergia, manifestaciones alérgicas y patrones alimentarios del primer año de vida en lactantes con alergia alimentaria y sin ella. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en menores de 2 años (n= 99), distribuidos en dos grupos: alérgico (n= 50) y grupo control (n= 49), pareados por nivel socioeconómico, edad y género. Se definió alergia alimentaria según criterios clínicos internacionalmente aceptados, pruebas cutáneas y de parche, y respuesta a la dieta. Se recolectó información dietaria, clínica y de historia de alergia en los padres. Se calculó tamaño muestral para regresión logística (Freeman) y se utilizaron pruebas de Student, X² y Mann-Withney. El estudio y el consentimiento fueron aprobados por el Comité de Ética del INTA y de la Universidad de Chile. Resultados. El grupo alérgico mostró una prevalencia significativamente mayor (p <0,0001) de historia familiar de alergia (84%) que el grupo control (16%). La diarrea fue la sintomatología más frecuentemente comunicada por las madres de los niños alérgicos durante el primer año de vida. La lactancia artificial se introdujo más tempranamente en el grupo alérgico que en el grupo control 3 contra 6 meses (p <0,03); no hallamos diferencias con respecto a la edad de inicio de la alimentación complementaria. Al realizar la regresión logística, solo la historia familiar de alergia se asoció con un mayor riesgo de presentar alergia alimentaria (OR: 48,2; IC= 14,2-164; p <0,001). Conclusiones. La introducción precoz de formula láctea podría favorecer la presencia de alergia alimentaria en lactantes que presentan frecuentemente antecedentes familiares de alergia.

Introduction. There is controversy about the effect of dietary patterns during the first year of life and the occurrence of food allergy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between family history of allergy, allergic manifestations and dietary patterns during the first year of life in infants with and without food allergy. Population and methods. We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study in children under 2 years of age (n= 99), sorted in two groups: allergic group (n= 50) and control group (n= 49), matched by socioeconomic status, age and gender. Food allergy was defned by internationally approved clinical criteria, prick and patch tests, and response to diet. Information on diet, clinical data and history of allergy in the parents were collected. The sample size was estimated for logistic regression (Freeman), and Student X² and Mann-Withney tests were used. The study and consent forms were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, INTA) and the Universidad de Chile. Results. The allergic group showed a significantly higher prevalence (p <0.0001) of family history of allergy (84%) than the control group (16%). Diarrhea was the symptom most frequently reported by the mothers of allergic infants during the frst year of life. Bottle feeding was introduced earlier in the allergic group than in the control group (3 versus 6 months [p < 0.03]); no differences regarding the start age for supplementary feeding was found. When performing logistic regression, only the family history of allergy was associated with a higher risk of food allergy (OR: 48.2; CI= 14.2-164; p < 0.001). Conclusions. The early introduction of milk formula could promote the occurrence of food allergy in infants frequently presenting family history of allergy.

Asociación entre los patrones alimentarios durante el primer año de vida y alergia alimentaria en lactantes / Association of dietary patterns and food allergy in infants during the first year of life

Introducción. Existe controversia acerca del efecto del patrón alimentario durante el primer año de vida y el desarrollo de alergia alimentaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre antecedentes familiares de alergia, manifestaciones alérgicas y patrones alimentarios del primer año de vida en lactantes con alergia alimentaria y sin ella. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en menores de 2 años (n= 99), distribuidos en dos grupos: alérgico (n= 50) y grupo control (n= 49), pareados por nivel socioeconómico, edad y género. Se definió alergia alimentaria según criterios clínicos internacionalmente aceptados, pruebas cutáneas y de parche, y respuesta a la dieta. Se recolectó información dietaria, clínica y de historia de alergia en los padres. Se calculó tamaño muestral para regresión logística (Freeman) y se utilizaron pruebas de Student, X² y Mann-Withney. El estudio y el consentimiento fueron aprobados por el Comité de Etica del INTA y de la Universidad de Chile. Resultados. El grupo alérgico mostró una prevalencia significativamente mayor (p <0,0001) de historia familiar de alergia (84%) que el grupo control (16%). La diarrea fue la sintomatología más frecuentemente comunicada por las madres de los niños alérgicos durante el primer año de vida. La lactancia artificial se introdujo más tempranamente en el grupo alérgico que en el grupo control 3 contra 6 meses (p <0,03); no hallamos diferencias con respecto a la edad de inicio de la alimentación complementaria. Al realizar la regresión logística, solo la historia familiar de alergia se asoció con un mayor riesgo de presentar alergia alimentaria (OR: 48,2; IC= 14,2-164; p <0,001). Conclusiones. La introducción precoz de formula láctea podría favorecer la presencia de alergia alimentaria en lactantes que presentan frecuentemente antecedentes familiares de alergia.(AU)

Introduction. There is controversy about the effect of dietary patterns during the first year of life and the occurrence of food allergy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between family history of allergy, allergic manifestations and dietary patterns during the first year of life in infants with and without food allergy. Population and methods. We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study in children under 2 years of age (n= 99), sorted in two groups: allergic group (n= 50) and control group (n= 49), matched by socioeconomic status, age and gender. Food allergy was defned by internationally approved clinical criteria, prick and patch tests, and response to diet. Information on diet, clinical data and history of allergy in the parents were collected. The sample size was estimated for logistic regression (Freeman), and Student X² and Mann-Withney tests were used. The study and consent forms were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, INTA) and the Universidad de Chile. Results. The allergic group showed a significantly higher prevalence (p <0.0001) of family history of allergy (84%) than the control group (16%). Diarrhea was the symptom most frequently reported by the mothers of allergic infants during the frst year of life. Bottle feeding was introduced earlier in the allergic group than in the control group (3 versus 6 months [p < 0.03]); no differences regarding the start age for supplementary feeding was found. When performing logistic regression, only the family history of allergy was associated with a higher risk of food allergy (OR: 48.2; CI= 14.2-164; p < 0.001). Conclusions. The early introduction of milk formula could promote the occurrence of food allergy in infants frequently presenting family history of allergy.(AU)